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Locating
sources of the world's highest methane levels
Ominously, high methane readings at these lower altitudes show up mostly in the Laptev Sea. In conclusion, some of the world's highest methane levels show up over the Laptev Sea, a huge area most prone to abrupt release of huge amounts of methane from the seabed.
This is further evidence in support of the looming threat of Abrupt Climate Change leading to extinction of many if not all species (i.e. including humans) within decades. It disproves the efforts of the IPCC, as discussed in the post Just do NOT tell them the monster exists, and further organizations to downplay the threat by spreading myths.
Myth 1.: Little or no methane is venting in the Arctic, so there's nothing to worry about.
Reality 1.: Methane is venting in the Arctic, but it can be hard to detect how much and where it originated from, in terms of source and location. Some satellites circle around Earth above the equator, making that they watch the Arctic through a thicker layer of atmosphere, which can mask detection of methane in the Arctic. Furthermore, since methane can quickly rise in the atmosphere and move with the wind, releases could be missed by flask and in situ measurements at surface levels unless measurements happen to be taken in close proximity to the point of release. Too little measuring is taking place and more should be done to monitor this.
Below a combination of images showing methane levels over five years (2009 on the left, to 2013 on the right), each time for the same period (January 21-31) - images by Dr. Leonid Yurganov.
Myth 2.: Hydrates cannot exist in water as shallow as in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf; therefore, no methane could be venting there.
Reality 2.: Waters in the Arctic are (still) cold, compared to elsewhere, making that hydrates can exist in shallow waters. Methane hydrates in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf can occur at depths as shallow as 20 m. Moreover, hydrates are present in the sediment underneath the seabed.http://www.skepticalscience.com/arctic-methane-outgassing-e-siberian-shelf-part2.html
Myth 3.: Global warming heats up the water in the Arctic from above, where there are no hydrates. It will take hundreds of years for this heat to reach the bottom of the sea.
Reality 3.: While the sun does heat up the waters in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS) from above, the waters are quite shallow. Additionally, warmer water enters the Arctic from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and from rivers in Siberia. As the sea ice disappears, more open water allows more storms to develop that mix the waters, while tidal pressure differences will also be more pronounced.
At a presentation on November 30, 2010, Natalia Shakhova warned that the ESAS is now 5°C warmer, while additional factors enhance permafrost destabalization in the ESAS:
1. Decreasing sea ice extent;
2. Change in hydrological pattern:
- increasing frequency of high speed winds;
- increasing frequency of deep convection events (mixing to the bottom) during summer;
3. Warming of bottom water (up to 3°C during the last three decades)
Another study observed that more summertime open water in the Laptev Sea in 2007 caused more vertical mixing of the water column during storms in late 2007 -- bottom water temperatures on the mid-shelf increased by more than 3 degrees Celsius compared to the long-term mean.http://www.polarresearch.net/index.php/polar/article/view/6425/html_150
Myth 4.: Even if heat did reach the seabed, it would take hundreds of years for the heat to penetrate the sediment.
Myth 5.: Even if methane did escape from the seabed, most of it would be oxidized in the water - like in the Deepwater Horizon event - before reaching the atmosphere.
Reality 5.: Methane won't get broken down easily in the Arctic, as this requires the presence of bacteria that can oxidize the methane, as well as free oxygen in the water. Once depleted, oxygen isn't quickly replenished in the Arctic. Lack of bacteria and depletion of oxygen in the waters of the Arctic could make it hard for oxidation to take place of methane that rises in the waters there.http://methane-hydrates.blogspot.com/2012/03/large-areas-of-open-ocean-starved-of.html
In the Arctic, low temperatures mean there are less bacteria that need more time to break down the methane. In other places, currents may bring bacteria back to the location of the methane plume repeatedly. In the Arctic, many currents are long, so once bacteria flow away from the location of the plume, they may have been driven out of the Arctic Ocean or may return only after a long time, i.e. too long to survive in Arctic waters which are cold and often ice-covered, so a lot of time little or no sunshine penetrates the waters.
As discussed under myth 1., methane already appears to be venting from the seabed of the Arctic Ocean, as further described at:
http://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/methane-over-deep-waters-of-arctic-ocean.html
In the Arctic, the danger is much larger that methane releases will overwhelm the capacity of bacteria to break it down in the water. In case of large abrupt releases, the danger is that much of the methane will reach the atmosphere unaffected.
Myth 6.: Methane has a short lifetime in the atmosphere. It will be broken down in a few years, so we don't have to worry about it.
Reality 6.: According to the IPCC (AR5, 2013), the perturbation lifetime for methane is 12.4 years.
This is an upgrade from the 12 years stated in IPCC AR4 (2007).
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch2s2-10-2.html#table-2-14
The IPCC figures do take into account the fact that methane extends its own lifetime by depleting hydroxyl. However, this is an average figure. Large abrupt releases will overwhelm the system, especially in the Arctic where there is already very little hydroxyl present.
http://www.mpg.de/5050963/atmosphere_self-cleaning
Large emissions extend the lifetime of all the methane that is present in the atmosphere, especially locally, as in case of large abrupt release in the Arctic. Hydroxyl levels in the Arctic are very low. Methane can remain active in the Arctic for decades at a very high warming potential, while the resulting summer warming (when the sun doesn't set) is likely to keep triggering further methane releases in the Arctic.
Myth 7.: Methane is only 20 or 21 times as potent as carbon dioxide.
Among others, the EPA has been spreading this myth for many years. Below is a screenshot.
Even worse is C. Ruppel who wrote in 2011 in Nature:
Reality 7.: Recent IPCC figures for methane's Global Warming Potential (GWP) are in the table below.
Earlier IPCC figures did not reflect oxidation of methane to carbon dioxide, which contributes to the CO2 burden. Furthermore, methane increases its own lifetime through OH depletion, enhances stratospheric water vapor and increases tropospheric ozone (both potent greenhouse gases).
In
2009, Shindell and others further improved methane's GWP by
including both direct and indirect effects, increasing methane's GWP
to 105 over 20
years.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5953/716.full (Shindell, 2009)
Furthermore, in case of large abrupt release in the Arctic, local methane concentrations can be expected to remain higher for a long time. Over shorter periods than 20 years, methane's GWP is even higher, as also described at:
http://methane-hydrates.blogspot.com/2013/04/methane-hydrates.html
Unlike CO2, methane's GWP does rise as more of it is released. Responses by ecosystems could increase methane's warming potential even further, especially in the Arctic where methane releases could accelerate the decline of snow and ice cover and trigger further methane releases, as also described at The potential impact of large abrupt release of methane in the Arctic.
It's also worth noting that the IPCC now gives methane a Radiative Forcing of 0.97 W/m2 (up from 48 W/m2 in 2007), as illustrated by the image below.
Myth 8.: Not much methane is stored in the Arctic; releases would be low and gradual.
How much methane is present in sediments under the seabed of the Arctic Ocean, in the form of free gas and hydrates? On this, the IPCC says in AR5 WG1 FAQ6:
That's quite an understatement, if not a deliberate downplaying of the danger by the IPCC.
The
amounts of methane stored in the Arctic are vast. Natalia Shakhova
et al. (2010) estimate the accumulated potential for the East
Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS) region alone (image on the right)
as follows:
Events in which most, if not virtually all methane that escaped from the seabed did enter the atmosphere have been studied in 2002 and published in 2006, as reported at:
Myth 9.: Methane levels have not risen (much) over the past few years.
2
November, 2013
Above
image shows IASI methane readings end October 2013 on the Northern
Hemisphere. Clearly, high methane levels are very prominent over the
Arctic. Over this period, the following peak methane readings have
been recorded:
- October 28 - 2369 ppb
- October 29 - 2303 ppb
- October 30 - 2480 ppb
- October 31 - 2332 ppb
- October 28 - 2369 ppb
- October 29 - 2303 ppb
- October 30 - 2480 ppb
- October 31 - 2332 ppb
 |
Above
image shows methane readings of 1950 ppb and higher in yellow, but
only on October 31, 2013, pm.
This image is easier to analyze, since there are only a few areas where high methane readings show up, such as:
This image is easier to analyze, since there are only a few areas where high methane readings show up, such as:
- The Gobi Desert, on the border of China and Mongolia. This is an area of concern, as discussed in the post Is Global Warming breaking up the Integrity of the Permafrost?
- Areas along the bounderies of the Okhotsk Plate; seismic activity appears to be contributing to methane releases here, as earlier discussed in the post Earthquake hits waters off Japan. Zoom in at methanetracker.org for details on earthquakes.
- Last but not least, there's a huge area with high methane readings over the Arctic Ocean.
The
image below again shows methane readings of 1950 ppb and higher in
yellow on October 31, 2013, pm, but this time only for 3 altitudes,
i.e. 451 mb, 469 mb and 487 mb. These levels were selected for their
proximity to the altitude of 469 mb, where typically the highest mean
global methane levels are recorded, i.e. from 1809 ppb to 1812 ppb
for the period from October 28 to 31, 2013. Not surprisingly, the
image below looks much the same as above image.
Things
look rather different, though, when 3 altitudes are selected closer
to sea level. The image below again shows methane readings of 1950
ppb and higher in yellow on October 31, 2013, pm, but this time only
at 718 mb, 742 mb and 766 mb.
Ominously, high methane readings at these lower altitudes show up mostly in the Laptev Sea. In conclusion, some of the world's highest methane levels show up over the Laptev Sea, a huge area most prone to abrupt release of huge amounts of methane from the seabed.
This is further evidence in support of the looming threat of Abrupt Climate Change leading to extinction of many if not all species (i.e. including humans) within decades. It disproves the efforts of the IPCC, as discussed in the post Just do NOT tell them the monster exists, and further organizations to downplay the threat by spreading myths.
Methane hydrates: Myths
undated,
2012
Myth 1.: Little or no methane is venting in the Arctic, so there's nothing to worry about.
Reality 1.: Methane is venting in the Arctic, but it can be hard to detect how much and where it originated from, in terms of source and location. Some satellites circle around Earth above the equator, making that they watch the Arctic through a thicker layer of atmosphere, which can mask detection of methane in the Arctic. Furthermore, since methane can quickly rise in the atmosphere and move with the wind, releases could be missed by flask and in situ measurements at surface levels unless measurements happen to be taken in close proximity to the point of release. Too little measuring is taking place and more should be done to monitor this.
Below a combination of images showing methane levels over five years (2009 on the left, to 2013 on the right), each time for the same period (January 21-31) - images by Dr. Leonid Yurganov.
 |
| [
Click on image to enlarge - from: Dramatic
increase in methane in the Arctic in January 2013 ] |
The
big worry is what will happen as temperatures rise even further.
Warming due to higher concentrations of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere is occurring much more vigorously in the Arctic than
elsewhere on Earth. Waiting for further proof that methane is
increasingly venting in the Arctic carries the risk that it will be
too late to do much to reverse the process by the time such research
is completed. Methane already appears to be venting from the seabed
of the Arctic Ocean (see image below).
 |
|
|
Moreover,
there is a wealth of evidence from scientists such as Igor Semiletov
and Natalia Shakhova who have - year after year - been taking
measurements in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf, complete with
first-hand reports that methane plumes have been detected.
"We've
found continuous, powerful and impressive seeping structures more
than 1,000 metres in diameter. In a very small area, less than
10,000 square miles, we have counted more than 100 fountains, or
torch-like structures, bubbling through the water column and
injected directly into the atmosphere from the seabed," Dr
Semiletov said, "We carried out checks at about 115 stationary
points and discovered methane fields of a fantastic scale - I think
on a scale not seen before. Some of the plumes were a kilometre or
more wide and the emissions went directly into the atmosphere - the
concentration was a hundred times higher than normal." -
Vast
methane 'plumes' seen in Arctic ocean as sea ice retreats,
by Steve Connor in The Independent, December 13, 2011.
The image below shows a cluster of methane plumes, over one km in diameter, that appeared in the Laptev Sea end September 2011. The image is part of a paper on the unfolding "Methane Catastrophe".
The image below shows a cluster of methane plumes, over one km in diameter, that appeared in the Laptev Sea end September 2011. The image is part of a paper on the unfolding "Methane Catastrophe".
Myth 2.: Hydrates cannot exist in water as shallow as in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf; therefore, no methane could be venting there.
Reality 2.: Waters in the Arctic are (still) cold, compared to elsewhere, making that hydrates can exist in shallow waters. Methane hydrates in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf can occur at depths as shallow as 20 m. Moreover, hydrates are present in the sediment underneath the seabed.http://www.skepticalscience.com/arctic-methane-outgassing-e-siberian-shelf-part2.html
Myth 3.: Global warming heats up the water in the Arctic from above, where there are no hydrates. It will take hundreds of years for this heat to reach the bottom of the sea.
Reality 3.: While the sun does heat up the waters in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS) from above, the waters are quite shallow. Additionally, warmer water enters the Arctic from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and from rivers in Siberia. As the sea ice disappears, more open water allows more storms to develop that mix the waters, while tidal pressure differences will also be more pronounced.
At a presentation on November 30, 2010, Natalia Shakhova warned that the ESAS is now 5°C warmer, while additional factors enhance permafrost destabalization in the ESAS:
1. Decreasing sea ice extent;
2. Change in hydrological pattern:
- increasing frequency of high speed winds;
- increasing frequency of deep convection events (mixing to the bottom) during summer;
3. Warming of bottom water (up to 3°C during the last three decades)
Another study observed that more summertime open water in the Laptev Sea in 2007 caused more vertical mixing of the water column during storms in late 2007 -- bottom water temperatures on the mid-shelf increased by more than 3 degrees Celsius compared to the long-term mean.http://www.polarresearch.net/index.php/polar/article/view/6425/html_150
Myth 4.: Even if heat did reach the seabed, it would take hundreds of years for the heat to penetrate the sediment.
Reality
4.: It can indeed take a long time for heat to propagate down the
sediment. But it can also occur very rapidly, when heat is
transferred down fluids in cracks and openings in the rock and
sediment, called pingos, which were formed by local accumulation of
hydrate (ice) below the sediment surface in the past, and by methane
migrating upwards through conduits. Pingos and similar structures
can link to deep-rooted plumbing systems that allow thermogenic
fluid migration from several-kilometers-deep sedimentary
basins.
Paull et al. describe pingo-like-features on the Beaufort Sea Shelf, adding that a thermal pulse of more than 10 degrees Celsius is still propagating down into the submerged sediment and may be decomposing gas hydrate as well as permafrost. http://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/potential-for-methane-release.html
Paull et al. describe pingo-like-features on the Beaufort Sea Shelf, adding that a thermal pulse of more than 10 degrees Celsius is still propagating down into the submerged sediment and may be decomposing gas hydrate as well as permafrost. http://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/potential-for-methane-release.html
Myth 5.: Even if methane did escape from the seabed, most of it would be oxidized in the water - like in the Deepwater Horizon event - before reaching the atmosphere.
Reality 5.: Methane won't get broken down easily in the Arctic, as this requires the presence of bacteria that can oxidize the methane, as well as free oxygen in the water. Once depleted, oxygen isn't quickly replenished in the Arctic. Lack of bacteria and depletion of oxygen in the waters of the Arctic could make it hard for oxidation to take place of methane that rises in the waters there.http://methane-hydrates.blogspot.com/2012/03/large-areas-of-open-ocean-starved-of.html
In the Arctic, low temperatures mean there are less bacteria that need more time to break down the methane. In other places, currents may bring bacteria back to the location of the methane plume repeatedly. In the Arctic, many currents are long, so once bacteria flow away from the location of the plume, they may have been driven out of the Arctic Ocean or may return only after a long time, i.e. too long to survive in Arctic waters which are cold and often ice-covered, so a lot of time little or no sunshine penetrates the waters.
As discussed under myth 1., methane already appears to be venting from the seabed of the Arctic Ocean, as further described at:
http://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/methane-over-deep-waters-of-arctic-ocean.html
In the Arctic, the danger is much larger that methane releases will overwhelm the capacity of bacteria to break it down in the water. In case of large abrupt releases, the danger is that much of the methane will reach the atmosphere unaffected.
Myth 6.: Methane has a short lifetime in the atmosphere. It will be broken down in a few years, so we don't have to worry about it.
Reality 6.: According to the IPCC (AR5, 2013), the perturbation lifetime for methane is 12.4 years.
This is an upgrade from the 12 years stated in IPCC AR4 (2007).
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch2s2-10-2.html#table-2-14
The IPCC figures do take into account the fact that methane extends its own lifetime by depleting hydroxyl. However, this is an average figure. Large abrupt releases will overwhelm the system, especially in the Arctic where there is already very little hydroxyl present.
http://www.mpg.de/5050963/atmosphere_self-cleaning
Large emissions extend the lifetime of all the methane that is present in the atmosphere, especially locally, as in case of large abrupt release in the Arctic. Hydroxyl levels in the Arctic are very low. Methane can remain active in the Arctic for decades at a very high warming potential, while the resulting summer warming (when the sun doesn't set) is likely to keep triggering further methane releases in the Arctic.
Myth 7.: Methane is only 20 or 21 times as potent as carbon dioxide.
Among others, the EPA has been spreading this myth for many years. Below is a screenshot.
Even worse is C. Ruppel who wrote in 2011 in Nature:
Reality 7.: Recent IPCC figures for methane's Global Warming Potential (GWP) are in the table below.
Earlier IPCC figures did not reflect oxidation of methane to carbon dioxide, which contributes to the CO2 burden. Furthermore, methane increases its own lifetime through OH depletion, enhances stratospheric water vapor and increases tropospheric ozone (both potent greenhouse gases).
In
2009, Shindell and others further improved methane's GWP by
including both direct and indirect effects, increasing methane's GWP
to 105 over 20
years.http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5953/716.full (Shindell, 2009)
Furthermore, in case of large abrupt release in the Arctic, local methane concentrations can be expected to remain higher for a long time. Over shorter periods than 20 years, methane's GWP is even higher, as also described at:
http://methane-hydrates.blogspot.com/2013/04/methane-hydrates.html
Unlike CO2, methane's GWP does rise as more of it is released. Responses by ecosystems could increase methane's warming potential even further, especially in the Arctic where methane releases could accelerate the decline of snow and ice cover and trigger further methane releases, as also described at The potential impact of large abrupt release of methane in the Arctic.
It's also worth noting that the IPCC now gives methane a Radiative Forcing of 0.97 W/m2 (up from 48 W/m2 in 2007), as illustrated by the image below.
Myth 8.: Not much methane is stored in the Arctic; releases would be low and gradual.
How much methane is present in sediments under the seabed of the Arctic Ocean, in the form of free gas and hydrates? On this, the IPCC says in AR5 WG1 FAQ6:
That's quite an understatement, if not a deliberate downplaying of the danger by the IPCC.
The
amounts of methane stored in the Arctic are vast. Natalia Shakhova
et al. (2010) estimate the accumulated potential for the East
Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS) region alone (image on the right)
as follows:- organic carbon in permafrost of about 500 Gt
- about 1000 Gt in hydrate deposits
- about 700 Gt in free gas beneath the gas hydrate stability zone.
Natalia
Shakhova et al. (2008) consider release of up to 50 Gt of predicted
amount of hydrate storage as highly possible for abrupt release at
any time. By comparison, the total amount of methane currently
in the atmosphere is about 5 Gt.
Below, a screenshot from an interview of John Mason with Natalia Shakhova, published at:
Below, a screenshot from an interview of John Mason with Natalia Shakhova, published at:
Events in which most, if not virtually all methane that escaped from the seabed did enter the atmosphere have been studied in 2002 and published in 2006, as reported at:
Myth 9.: Methane levels have not risen (much) over the past few years.
Reality:
Historically, atmospheric levels of methane (CH4) have risen much
faster than those of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O),
as illustrated by the image on the right.
Yes, the (rapid) rise of methane did 'slow down' for a few years from about 2000, but then picked up its pace again. This temperary 'slow-down' is often attributed to stronger energy-related emission controls in the late 2000s, in sectors such as fossil fuel drilling and distribution, and its use in transport and electricity-generation. However, levels have risen strongly again over the past few years. Point remains, as said, that methane levels have historically risen even faster than levels of carbon dioxide.
While this historic rapid rise of methane levels is very worrying, future levels may rise even more rapidly, due to large abrupt releases of methane from the Arctic seabed.
Yes, the (rapid) rise of methane did 'slow down' for a few years from about 2000, but then picked up its pace again. This temperary 'slow-down' is often attributed to stronger energy-related emission controls in the late 2000s, in sectors such as fossil fuel drilling and distribution, and its use in transport and electricity-generation. However, levels have risen strongly again over the past few years. Point remains, as said, that methane levels have historically risen even faster than levels of carbon dioxide.
While this historic rapid rise of methane levels is very worrying, future levels may rise even more rapidly, due to large abrupt releases of methane from the Arctic seabed.
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