A paper published in Geosciences reveals the HUGE levels of methane stored in Siberian permafrost

Russian scientists discover methane concentrations of up to 8.5 MILLION ppb in permafrost on Yamal Peninsula

In a recent edition of Radio Eco Shock  a Dr. Thomas Crowther was interviewed and he talked about rapid increases in methane levels around the world.

In it he reported that most of the methane is coming from the tropics and not from the Arctic.To support this he cited data from places such as Alaska where emissions are high but not that high.

Presumably, he did not take flask samples from Western Siberia or from other major hotspots such as China and India.

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Today Margo in her daily report reported on a report that came out late last year carried out by Russian scientists from the Russian Academy of Scientists and Siberian universities.

Methane Content in Ground Ice and Sediments of the Kara Sea Coast

Here is the abstract from the paper:

Abstract:

Permafrost degradation of coastal and marine sediments of the Arctic Seas can result in large amounts of methane emitted to the atmosphere. The quantitative assessment of such emissions requires data on variability of methane content in various types of permafrost strata. To evaluate the methane concentrations in sediments and ground ice of the Kara Sea coast, samples were collected at a series of coastal exposures. Methane concentrations were determined for more than 400 samples taken from frozen sediments, ground ice and active layer. In frozen sediments, methane concentrations were lowest in sands and highest in marine clays. In ground ice, the highest concentrations above 500 ppmV and higher were found in massive tabular ground ice, with much lower methane concentrations in ground ice wedges. The mean isotopic composition of methane is −68.6‰ in permafrost and −63.6‰ in the active layer indicative of microbial genesis. The isotopic compositions of the active layer is enriched relative to permafrost due to microbial oxidation and become more depleted with depth. Ice-rich sediments of Kara Sea coasts, especially those with massive tabular ground ice, hold large amounts of methane making them potential sources of methane emissions under projected warming temperatures and increasing rates of coastal erosion.

And the conclusions:

Conclusions

Methane concentration in ground ice and Quaternary sediments of the Kara Sea region have a substantial variability. High methane concentrations are found in marine clays with the presence of MTGI, where methane concentrations are the highest. The sands which freeze simultaneously with sedimentation have lower methane concentrations. Ground ice wedges are characterized by an order of magnitude less methane concentrations than MTGI, but several times higher than reported for ice of glacial origin.

Results of this study further support evidence of higher methane concentration in epigenetic relative to syngenetic permafrost, previously reported for the Eastern Siberia regions [7,16]. High concentrations of methane in permafrost is attributed to migration and conservation of methane in ice bubbles under advancing freezing fronts, which is supported by the isotopic content of methane. The microbial origin of methane confirms that methane in permafrost is not related to seepage or migration of mantle methane through permafrost [18,31]. It also confirms the non-atmospheric origin of massive tabular ground ice bodies widely present in the study area.

The highest mean methane concentrations were found in wet polygonal tundra (8516 ppmV), bogs (4507 ppmV) and bottoms of the water tracks (3681 ppmV). These types of landscapes, which together compose almost 40% of typical landscapes of Western Yamal can be a significant source of methane emissions to the atmosphere. The landscape types that are characterized by good drainage, primarily sands and blowouts, have little methane available.

Northwest Siberia has experienced one of the highest rates of climate change with increasing air temperatures, increased thaw depth and permafrost warming with these trends likely to continue in the future [52,53]. The upper part of the coasts in the region is composed by ice-rich marine clays characterized by high methane content. Permafrost degradation due to climate change will be exacerbated along the coasts where declining sea ice is likely to result in accelerated rates of coastal erosion, especially in areas with presence of MTGI, further releasing the methane which is not yet accounted for in the models [54]. The estimates of methane in various types of permafrost and ground ice are therefore an important contribution in regional assessments of the methane emissions from permafrost and as validation to the Earth System Models. The stable isotope analysis of methane as an indicator of ground ice formation can be a useful tool in the paleo reconstructions, particularly in the areas where the glacial versus marine origins of massive ground ice are still debated.

This is a summary of the results:

• Methane concentrations were determined for more than 400 samples taken from frozen sediments, ground ice and active layer.
• Samples were taken on Yamal Peninsula at the following locations:

• Field studies of methane concentrations in permafrost are rare due to logistical constraints associated with obtaining methane from frozen samples for such analysis
• The highest mean methane concentrations were found in wet polygonal tundra (8516 ppmV), bogs (4507 ppmV) and bottoms of the water tracks (3681 ppmV). These types of landscapes, which together compose almost 40% of typical landscapes of Western Yamal can be a significant source of methane emissions to the atmosphere.
• The landscape types that are characterised by good drainage, primarily sands and blowouts, have little methane available
• Concentrations were much higher at levels closer to the surface where there is greater microbial activity
• This is what the maximum level in ppm translates to in ppb, which is how methane emissions are measured

 

This map shows Yamal Peninsula on the eastern side of the Kara Sea. Novaya Zemlya is on the western side

As we have been observing for months this region is the centre of methane emissions in Siberia with lesser levels being released from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS)

This  shows the topography of the peninsula with a proliferation of thermokarst lakes.

If you have been paying attention in the last couple of years you will be aware that the Yamal Peninsula is where craters have been found by reindeer herdsmen.

It is almost certain that these craters were formed by exploding pingos from methane emissions.

Finally, here is Margo's report.

The report on methane and the above paper is in the first half of the video.

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In this regard the following article is of interest.

"They found sections 30 inches deep—soils that typically freeze before Christmas—that had stayed damp and mushy all winter. For the first time in memory, ground that insulates deep Arctic permafrost simply did not freeze in winter."

Some Arctic ground no longer freezing—even in winter

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Data from two Arctic sites suggest some surface layers are no longer freezing. If that continues, greenhouse gases from permafrost could accelerate climate change.

On January 16, 2019, a new global study published in Nature Communications confirmed that permafrost is thawing quickly across much of the world. Between 2007 and 2016, permafrost temperature increased by 0.29 ± 0.12 °C globally. The greatest warming was seen in parts of Siberia, up to 0.93 °C. Significant warming was also seen in Antarctica, and less in mountain regions. In much of the Arctic ground temperature increased because of rising average air temperatures, while increased snow thickness in some areas also contributed to warming the ground underneath

National Geographic, 

16 January, 2019

CHERSKIY, RUSSIANikita Zimov was teaching students to do ecological fieldwork in northern Siberia when he stumbled on a disturbing clue that the frozen land might be thawing far faster than expected.

Zimov, like his father, Sergey Zimov, has spent years running a research station that tracks climate change in the rapidly warming Russian Far East. So when students probed the ground and took soil samples amid the mossy hummocks and larch forests near his home, 200 miles north of the Arctic Circle, Nikita Zimov suspected something wasn't right.

In April he sent a team of workers out with heavy drills to be sure. They bored into the soil a few feet down and found thick, slushy mud. Zimov said that was impossible. Cherskiy, his community of 3,000 along the Kolyma River, is one of the coldest spots on Earth. Even in late spring, ground below the surface should be frozen solid.

Except this year, it wasn't.

Every winter across the Arctic, the top few inches or feet of soil and rich plant matter freezes up before thawing again in summer. Beneath this active layer of ground extending hundreds of feet deeper sits continuously frozen earth called permafrost, which, in places, has stayed frozen for millennia.

Picture of Polygons form above thawing permafrost in Cherskiy, Siberia

Polygons formed by the annual freezing and thawing of ice wedges just below the earth's surface are visible from above near the Northeast Science Station in Cherskiy, Russia.

PHOTOGRAPH BY KATIE ORLINSKY, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC

But in a region where temperatures can dip to 40 degrees below zero Fahrenheit, the Zimovs say unusually high snowfall this year worked like a blanket, trapping excess heat in the ground. They found sections 30 inches deep—soils that typically freeze before Christmas—that had stayed damp and mushy all winter. For the first time in memory, ground that insulates deep Arctic permafrost simply did not freeze in winter.

"This really is astounding," says Max Holmes, an Arctic scientist with Woods Hole Research Center in Massachusetts.

The discovery has not been peer-reviewed or published and represents limited data from one spot in one year. But with measurements from another scientist nearby and one an ocean away appearing to support the Zimovs' findings, some Arctic experts are weighing a troubling question: Could a thaw of permafrost begin decades sooner than many people expect in some of the Arctic's coldest, most carbon-rich regions, releasing trapped greenhouse gases that could accelerate human-caused climate change?

Already, three of the last four years have been earth's hottest on record, with 2018 on schedule to be number four. And the poles are actually warming far faster, with areas 300 miles north of the Arctic Circle in Norway reaching 90 degrees Fahrenheit this July. If significant quantities of permafrost start thawing early, that would only make things worse.

Foxtail, fireweed and cotton flowers are ubiquitous in Cherskiy, Russia, during the summer. The town is built entirely on permafrost. Buildings are constructed on concrete stilts with their pipes above ground to account for changes in the topography as permafrost thaws.

Crossing a Threshold

Nearly a quarter of the Northern Hemisphere's landmass sits above permafrost. Trapped in this frozen soil and vegetation is more than twice the carbon found in the atmosphere.

As fossil-fuel burning warms the Earth, this ground is thawing, allowing microbes to consume buried organic matter and release carbon dioxide and shorter-lived methane, which is 25 times as potent a greenhouse gas as CO2.

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Permafrost temperatures across the Arctic have been rising since at least the 1970s—so much that small-scale localized thawing is already underway in many places. But the vast majority of this frozen land is still insulated by an active layer of freezing and thawing ground above it.

Now signs are emerging that the annual freeze-up can quickly change.

Eleven miles downriver from where the Zimovs’ started their drilling, Mathias Goeckede with Germany's Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry spends weeks each summer traversing crumbling boardwalks over spongy Siberian ground. He tracks carbon exchange between the earth and the atmosphere.

Measurements at his site show that snow depth there has roughly doubled in five years. When excessive snow smothers the ground, warmth below the surface may not dissipate during winter. Data from a drill hole on Goeckede's site appears to capture that phenomenon: In April, temperatures 13 inches below ground there increased roughly 10 degrees Fahrenheit in that same five-year period.

"This is just one site, and it's just five years, so this really should be considered just a case-study," Goeckede says. "But if you assume it's a trend or that it might continue like this, then it's alarming."

Thousands of miles away, Vladimir Romanovsky saw something similar. Romanovsky, a permafrost expert at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, runs some of the most extensive permafrost monitoring sites in North America, with detailed records going back 25 years, and in some cases longer.

"For all years before 2014, the complete freeze-up of the active layer would happen in mid-January," he says. "Since 2014, the freeze-up date has shifted to late February and even March."

But this winter, Fairbanks, too, saw extremely heavy snow. And for the first time on record, the active layer at two of Romanovsky's sites didn't freeze at all.

Picture of permafrost melting

Permafrost can be seen up close along the perimeter of the Batagaika Crater.

PHOTOGRAPH BY KATIE ORLINSKY, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC

"This is really a very important threshold," he adds.

Reasons to Be Skeptical

Of course, Arctic weather is famously variable. A few years of heavy snow in some regions could give way quickly to a long stretch of dry cold years.

Some scientists are also torn about work by the Zimovs, which isn't as rigorous as many western researchers are accustomed to. The Zimovs’ findings didn't include temperature data, nor could they point to long-term records. Many of the sites they examined also had been disturbed by human activity or non-native animals, which makes soil more susceptible to warming.

"Digging holes in a handful of places is hardly rigorous science," says Matt Sturm, a snow expert at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks.

Charles Koven, a permafrost expert at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, sees cause for skepticism and more research. "I don't know what to think without knowing more about the history of these sites,” he says. “On the other hand, we don't want to ignore warning signs if they're there."

What’s more, compared to Romanovsky and Goeckede, who are measured and methodical researchers, Sergey Zimov is something of a catastrophist-philosopher, who leans toward pessimistic projections and grand gestures. He and his son are the pair behind Pleistocene Park, a region in their stretch of Siberia roamed by imported large mammals, from bison to yaks and horses. It is part of an experiment to mimic the mammoth steppe ecosystem that ended 12,000 years ago to see how permafrost responds.

At the same time, Sergey Zimov was also one of the first scientists anywhere to show that Siberia contains enormous reserves of especially carbon-rich permafrost. And he has worked in Cherskiy for more than 40 years and is held in high regard by many researchers.

"He knows that landscape so well that he is very rarely wrong," says Katey Walter Anthony, an associate professor at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, who studies methane in Arctic lakes. "For him to believe a process is important is valuable."

Romanovsky knows the Zimovs, too, and says that while he wishes their work included temperature data, checking freeze depth is a sound approach. "That's still a convincing method," Romanovsky says. "For me, it just means it's not 100 percent."

It's also not clear how widespread a region Romanovsky's and the Zimovs' findings represent. It is a small sample size.

But Romanovsky says his sites were chosen because they fairly represent central Alaska.

"So, we assume that freeze-up didn't happen this winter within large areas in the Alaskan Interior," he says.

And even scientists uncomfortable with the limited data say the possibility that something so fundamental could change so quickly gives them pause.

"It's worrisome," says Sue Natali, a permafrost expert, also with Woods Hole, who saw an active layer not re-freeze recently during a research trip to Alaska's Yukon region. "When we see things happening that haven't happened in the lifetime of the scientists studying them, that should be a concern."

An Accelerating Cycle

The stakes are high. If a region's active layer stops freezing consistently, consequences can be swift. Once unfrozen, soil microbes in the active layer can decompose organic material and release greenhouse gases year-round—not just in summer. And it exposes permafrost below to more heat so that layer, too, can begin thawing and releasing gases.

In ice-rich soils, such as in Siberia, the ground may slump. That can buckle roads and buildings and cause ice cellars to collapse. Such depressions also alter the landscape by forming troughs and bowls where snow can accumulate, making the ground even warmer in winter. Those troughs can fill with rain and snowmelt, forming new wetlands and tundra lakes, both of which expel large amounts of methane.

Picture of permafrost melting

And the movement of all this water, above and below ground, can transport large amounts of heat, hastening thawing. Permafrost collapse can begin feeding on itself, releasing more greenhouse gases, which fuel more warming.

No one expects permafrost will ever release all its stored carbon. Most models suggest just 10 to 20 percent at most would escape even at high human emissions scenarios.

But more than a dozen Arctic climate scientists contacted by National Geographic agree that this year's active-layer data highlights the limitations of global climate models. The sophisticated computer programs that forecast future climate scenarios often used by government decision-makers simply can't capture major changes in permafrost.

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"When we simulate these things there are a number of processes the models don't include—processes that multiply the transfer of heat," says Daniel Fortier, an associate professor of geography with the University of Montreal. "I think it's safe to say that things are happening faster than we were expecting."

For example, scientists have long known that loss of sea ice and rising temperatures will lead to more Arctic snow over time, which models are able to incorporate. But those same simulations are far less reliable when trying to track the cascading shifts in soil types, surface vegetation, melting ice, and the flow of water that will come from rising temperatures and all that snow, all of which could substantially hasten permafrost thaw.

"The models can't handle those landscape-scale changes, all of the processes that could lead to rapid change," says David Lawrence, a permafrost modeler with the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder. "And it's going to be a long time before they can."

By the time some changes are detected, a significant transition may be underway, he says. That means the public and policymakers may not grasp the real risks.

"Most models don't project major carbon releases until beyond 2100," Walter Anthony says. That may be the case. But it's also possible, she says, that they "could actually happen in my children's lifetime—or my own."

Ancient thermokarst and gas hydrate in the Kara Sea