Showing posts with label nuclear waste. Show all posts
Showing posts with label nuclear waste. Show all posts

Monday, 11 February 2019

Focus on Novaya Zemlya

Novaya Zemlya, in the Barents Sea has come into focus though this story.




Polar bears are on the Red List and have been protected in the Russian Arctic since 1956.

The Arctic is in transition, heading towards a warmer future with less ice, with maybe far-reaching implications for the king of the Arctic - the polar bear.

In recent years, polar bears have more frequently approached coastal towns in northern Russia, both on the mainland and on the archipelagoes.

Due to shrinking sea ice, the bears are often stranded on shore. Either because the sea ice retreat from shore much earlier in summer than before, or like on Novaya Zemlya, the sea simply does not freeze any more during winter.


Ice-map provided for the area by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute's Ice Service from Friday shows how the Kara Sea off the east coast of Novaya Zemlya is packed with very close drift ice, while there are mostly very open drift ice and open water along the west coast where Belushaya Guba is located.

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It is also an area that Margo have been watching carefully since the 2018 melt season because of the large quantities of methane being released in the region.

A few months ago, Margo did a superb job in trying to answer the question as to why the Arctic is warming at twice the rate of the rest of the world.

She came to the conclusion that there is so much more than what we are being told behind this.

Greenhouse gases - yews, for sure, but there may other factors coming into play.

This is Margo's conclusion. It's not exactly my language (although decreasingly so)



Before rejecting it have a look at the evidence first.


Novaya Zemlya: The Smoking Gun for Rapid Arctic Warming?

Why the Arctic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet. It all centers around the tiny Russian island, Novaya Zemlya.



Margo has done a first-rate job of collecting information on Russia's massive nuclear testing program and providing evidence that this radioactivity and the heat associated with it has to have had a role in the warming of the Arctic and why Novaya Zemlya seems to be a centre for the massive release of methane in the region.

She does a first-rate job of demonstrating that there is more to the puzzle than just the release of methane from melting permafrost.

Take the time out to listen to the video below.

For ease I have put together all the material Margo has presented as well as material I have uncovered.





Firstly, a brief introduction to the area and its geography.



And the topography of the southern island. Plenty of material here for the melting of permafrost!




Margo goes through Wikipedia and other sources to look at the Soviet nuclear testing program and uncovers the huge number of tests - above ground, undergrounds and failed tests.

It's mind- blowing!



Here is footage of the 1961 explosion of Tsar Bomba, which had a reported yield of 50 megatons, the single most physically powerful device ever deployed on Earth.


It has been estimated that detonating the original 100 Mt design would have released fallout amounting to about 26% of all fallout emitted since the invention of nuclear weapons.




Here is a report on the test:



Date: 30 October 1961
Location: Novaya Zemlya, Russia, USSR
Type of event: burn injury from atmospheric nuclear test
Description:
At 8:33 UT on 30 October 1961 the USSR conducted the world's largest nuclear test. The device was designated RDS-220 and nicknamed "Vanya" or "Tsar Bomba" (King of Bombs); it was a three-stage thermonuclear device with a mass of 24.8 metric tons. The full design yield is reported as 100 megatons or 150 megatons, but in the test device the uranium sleeve on the tertiary stage was replaced with lead to reduce the yield to about 50 megatons. The RDS-220 was air-dropped from a Tupolev-95V bomber, a Tu-95 version specially modified to carry the device, from an altitude of 10,500 meters. It descended by parachute, allowing the bomber and chase planes to reach a distance of 45 km before detonation at an altitude of 3,500 meters with a yield of 58 megatons. Although the delivery bomber and chase planes had been painted with reflective paint to avoid thermal damage, cables were ignited on one Tupolev-16 chase plane, causing burns to one crew member.
Consequences: 1 injury.

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And a report on a 1969 underground nuclear test.



At 07:00 UT on 14 October an underground nuclear test was conducted at the Matochkin Shar region in Novaya Zemlya. Three devices were detonated in two tunnels with a total yield of 540 kt: one device yielding between 20 and 150 kt along with one device yielding between 150 and 370 kt in tunnel A-7, at a depth of 500 meters; and one device yielding between 150 and 370 kt in tunnel A-9 at a depth of 520 meters. About one hour after the test a gas plume burst from the surface near tunnel A-9. Factors in the early venting included reaction with carbon dioxide in the surrounding rocks, thermal weakening of the cement plug around the nuclear device, and gas escape facilitated along a fault to the side of the mountain. Several hundred test personnel were in the vicinity and were not evacuated until 40 to 60 minutes later; the response to the accident was confused, compounded by the early departure of those in authority. On 24 October those more seriously exposed were transported to Moscow for examination and treatment. Over 80 people received doses of 40 to 80 rad.
Consequences: Unknown number of injuries.

http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1969USSR1.html

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This is the chart that Margo uses to conclude that warming in the Arctic started in 1960 which corresponds to the detonation of Tsar Bomba and subsequent tests.
.
Here is a collection of material that directly, or indirectly corroborates Margo's thesis




A science expedition to the area has discovered “big concentrations of radioactivity” in the ice – and concludes that the glaciers are melting into the sea at record speed.


It is December and European Arctic waters are free of ice way north of Svalbard and Novaya Zemlya.



The photo of a nuclear bomb test going terribly wrong in August 1987 is revealed by a Russian blogger.






We don't hear very much from Russia and climate change - so here are a couple of examples



Russian Ministry Warns of Coming Environmental Apocalypse Fueled by Climate Change

On thin ice, North Pole camp folds after only 12 days





Sources


Sunday, 18 February 2018

Toxic chemicals from hidden military bases revealed by warming of the Arctic


The U.S. Military Secret That Was Just Revealed by Climate Change
Once thought buried and frozen forever, toxic chemicals from hidden military bases now risk leaking.
By Marlene Cimons



15 February, 2018

At the height of the Cold War in the 1950s, the Greenland ice sheet hosted a number of clandestine U.S. Army bases whose job it was to get an estimated 600 medium-range ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads ready for deployment. The largest of these sites was Camp Century, which had the public facade of a science station.
The Army never finished what it started at Camp Century. It abandoned the base in 1967, scrapping Project Iceworm, as its secret mission was called. But the Army left behind a nasty legacy buried under all that ice and snow — tons of toxic waste that military officials assumed would stay frozen forever.

Guess they didn’t count on climate change.



Fifty years ago, the Army probably didn’t know about climate change. But now, thanks to global warming, the ice has begun to melt, leaking chemicals the Army thought would stay frozen in perpetuity. This poses a danger to the marine ecosystem, not to mention the potential diplomatic nightmare that could result between the United States and the host country.

“The whole thing seems like a crazy project that a James Bond villain would dream up,” said Jeff D. Colgan, an associate professor of political science and international studies at Brown University. “Sometimes we forget the crazy things the U.S. government is capable of doing. It’s not just other countries that take on risky and ill-advised projects in the name of geopolitical competition.”

The ice at Camp Century hid tens of thousands of liters of diesel fuel, large amounts of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and what is believed to be a small amount of low-level radioactive material, according to a recent studyColgan authored, which appears in the journal Global Environmental Politics. PCBs, in particular, are quite dangerous. They are believed to cause cancer and have been linked to a wide a range of other health hazards.

The paper is meant to be a case study for understanding the political, diplomatic and financial ramifications of environmental problems at American military bases, and it underscores the impact of so-called “knock-on” effects, that is, secondary environmental impacts, of climate change. It also raises the disturbing possibility that rising sea levels could wash toxic materials from other coastal military sites into the ocean.

The Pacific Islands are especially vulnerable, the study said, citing U.S. military radioactive waste left during the Cold War at Johnston Atoll and the Marshall Islands. Other toxic materials can be found at additional sites, including Orote Point on Guam, Ulithi Atoll on the Caroline Islands, the Solomon Islands and Midway Island, according to the study. The U.S. Geological Survey currently is studying these potential risks, but their full extent isn’t yet known.

“Those knock-on effects are secondary environmental problems — like damage to infrastructure or the release of chemicals or waste housed on site — that can manifest when temperatures and sea levels rise,” Colgan said. “They matter a lot because they are an increasingly common feature of our world, and the politics of knock-on effects are different from climate change itself. Climate change is a global problem, and therefore hard to pin on any one government or political actor. Knock-on effects are territorially specific, so local people can demand somebody be responsible.”

Knock-on effects must be treated as seriously as direct ones, Colgan stressed. 

“Knock-on effects are increasingly common,” he said. “Hurricane Harvey illustrates the problem. Climate change exacerbated a hurricane, making it bigger and nastier than it otherwise would have been, which damaged chemical plants and refineries, which in turn released toxic pollutants. Knock-on effects are also releasing nasty stuff from anthrax to viruses to mercury. As the effects of climate change move increasingly from peripheral places like Greenland to our own homes, we will need to worry more about knock-on effects.”

In November, the General Accounting Office released a report urging the military to do more to anticipate problems from climate change at its installations overseas.

“The United States alone has hundreds of overseas bases that require continuous political coordination with host governments,” Colgan said. “Climate-related environmental hazards could represent a new kind of tension within international political alliances. The U.S. Department of Defense would be wise to get out ahead of this issue.”

Trying to find a solution for the Project Iceworm mess likely will ensnare the United States and Denmark — the two countries that signed the original treaty establishing the base — Greenland, now a semi-sovereign territory of Denmark, and Canada, whose waters could become contaminated. Ultimately, there will be cleanup costs to pay, and possibly compensation for locals affected by the pollution.

There already have been reverberations in Greenland and Denmark over this. When Greenland’s former foreign minister took an aggressive stance on the issue, demanding that either Denmark or the United States pay to clean it up, he lost his job, Colgan said.

“He actually accused the Danish foreign minister of lying over the issue, a pretty bold move, considering that Denmark still heavily subsidizes the Greenlandic government,” Colgan said. “That seems to be the reason that Greenland’s Prime Minister fired him — though in politics you never know what else was going on behind the scenes.”

In 1951, at the time the countries signed the Defense of Greenland Agreement, which established the bases, Denmark “had a nominally nuclear-free foreign policy,” the study said. This is important because the treaty allowed the United States to remove property from the bases or dispose of it in Greenland after consultation with Danish authorities.

Denmark could argue that it wasn’t fully consulted regarding the decommissioning of certain abandoned military sites, thus any abandoned waste there remains a U.S. responsibility. Moreover, Denmark never was approached officially with a plan to deploy nuclear missiles to Greenland, according to the study. In the absence of climate change, ice almost certainly would have preserved this secret for all time.

“When Camp Century and the other bases associated with Project Iceworm were built in the 1950s and abandoned in the 1960s, no one was even thinking seriously about global climate change,” Colgan said. “The idea that the Army could just leave the abandoned waste in Greenland, to be buried in snow forever, didn’t seem crazy. No one at the time anticipated the enormous experiment we are now running on our planet.”