The scientific paper establishing a link between 5G and coronavirus has been REMOVED

5G publication REMOVED 

from PubMed.gov

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32668870/

5G Radiation Linked To Coronavirus Infection, New Study Suggests

Greenmedinfo,

22 July, 2020

"© [Article Date] GreenMedInfo LLC. This work is reproduced and distributed with the permission of GreenMedInfo LLC. Want to learn more from GreenMedInfo? Sign up for the newsletter here //www.greenmedinfo.com/greenmed/newsletter."

A new paper published in the Journal of Biological Regulators & Homeostatic Agents posits there may be a unique, causally connected relationship between 5G millimeter wave exposure and coronavirus — an idea which, though widely discussed early on in the global COVID crisis, was eventually dismissed as “conspiracy theory” by the mainstream media and government officials, resulting in widespread censorship on social media platforms. 

The new study, titled “5G Technology and induction of coronavirus in skin cells,” authored by an international collaboration of scientists from Italy, the U.S. and Russia, suggests that 5G radiation may be absorbed by dermatologic cells that act like antennas,* thereby transferring its effects to other cells, including activating DNA-based biosynthetic processes within the nucleus of the cell, possibly resulting in the de novo synthesis of coronaviruses in biological cells. 

The authors describe how this may work as follows: 

“DNA is built from charged electrons and atoms and has an inductor-like structure. This structure could be divided into linear, toroid and round inductors. Inductors interact with external electromagnetic waves, move and produce some extra waves within the cells. The shapes of these waves are similar to shapes of hexagonal and pentagonal bases of their DNA source.

These waves produce some holes in liquids within the nucleus. To fill these holes, some extra hexagonal and pentagonal bases are produced. These bases could join to each other and form virus-like structures such as Coronavirus.

To produce these viruses within a cell, it is necessary that the wavelength of external waves be shorter than the size of the cell. Thus 5G millimeter waves could be good candidates for applying in constructing virus-like structures such as Coronaviruses (COVID-19) within cells.”

The idea that one of the causes of illness associated with the coronavirus crisis derives from non-native electromagnetic radiation exposure, including from 5G millimeter waves, was proposed by Dr. Thomas Cowan in the highly controversial presentation below. This has been labeled as “false and harmful” information on a variety of social media and global mainstream media platforms.

According to Cowan, 5G millimeter waves may induce cell damage that results in the excretion of cellular contents, which include nucleic acids and exosomes (virus-like nanoparticles produced within cells as natural forms of intercellular communication).

This debris, which he describes as part of the detoxification of the damaged cells ("cellular pooping"), may be mistakenly identified as exogenous viruses such as coronavirus and may result in false positives on RT-PCR tests, which are notoriously ineffective at positively distinguishing specific strains of viruses and identifying them with any certainty. 

While this idea differs slightly from the one proposed by the study authors, they overlap in significant ways. In both explanations, 5G associated radiation induces cell changes that are identified as being caused by "COVID virus."

Whether or not there is a de novo synthesis of coronaviruses as a result of 5G radiation exposure, or whether or not the damage to the cell produces debris containing COVID virus like nucleic acid, remains to be determined. But in both scenarios, what is perceived as a COVID illness from the outside in may in fact be the byproduct of cellular changes resulting from EMF exposure and not an exogenous viral infection, as commonly assumed. 

Dr. Andrew Kaufman has also explored this topic and discovered that what the global mainstream medical establishment and media are identifying as “COVID-19” is likely our own exosomes being secreted by either healthy or damaged cells.

I highly recommend viewing his presentation below, and you can obtain more presentations of this kind in section two of QuestioningCovid.com, titled, Questioning Germ Theory, Contagion and Viral Testing.

My take on it, which I explore in the video below — “COVID-19 -- is it really about a virus?” — is that exosomal processes within the body and between bodies simulate infectious processes, but rather than being simply a sign of pathology and imminent morbidity and mortality are designed to support the collective health of a group of individuals or species, or even between species.

In this view, what is commonly understood to be infection and contagion is actually a surface misunderstanding of a process of horizontal information exchange designed to facilitate enhanced detoxification, xenohormesis and the activation of resiliency pathways within a species, and is the very origin of what is known as “herd immunity.” 

This latest paper opens back up an important topic that has been all but suppressed and censored today, namely, that health problems associated with infections such as coronavirus involve a wide range of factors, including foremost the role of the so-called “bioterrain” of the cell in determining susceptibility to infection and illness.

Viruses do not exist in a vacuum and don’t simply attack helpless bodies. When the cellular terrain is healthy and resilient infections tend not to take hold, or even have effects that confer lasting health benefits.

Moreover, the discovery of the human microbiome (and the total set of viruses or viral-like components of the microbiome known as the human virome) reveals that classical germ theory is bankrupt, and that what we once believed were invisible viral threats “out there” are surprisingly similar, if not identical, to endogenous viral-like elements within our cells known as exosomes, and often cannot be distinguished from them.

For example, the widespread use of RT-PCR tests to identify “COVID” may simply be identifying our bodies’ own viral or exosomal contents, and thereby generating “false positives,” which justify the continual implementation of allopathic approaches that result in profound iatrogenic damage to the body, falsely described as “caused by COVID.” 

I highly recommend that those interested in understanding the true nature of viruses and their indispensable role in establishing immunological self-tolerance, homeostasis, and ultimately health, watch distinguished National Institutes of Health speaker and virome expert Dr. Herbert Virgin's presentation:

Also, you can learn more about the New Biology and its impact on our understanding of infectious disease by reading: 

• How the Microbiome Undermines the Ego, Vaccine Policy, and Patriarchy
• Why Everything You Learned About Viruses is WRONG

---

*Incidentally, the notion that the harms of 5G radiation extend beyond the surface of the skin, as commonly paroted by the telecom industry and its would-be regulators, and that human skin may act as a 5G radiation receiver was discussed in a paper published in 2018 titled, “The human skin as a sub-THz receiver – Does 5G pose a danger to it or not?” 

BREAKING: 5G INDUCTION OF CORONAVIRUS PULLED FROM MAJOR SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION AFTER TELECOM THREAT

REPOSTED: Lower Hutt's unsung climate science pioneer

I am reposting this because this man - this unsung pioneer of climate science lives just 2 km down the road from where I live. He also speaks like a true scientist - rather than as someone who as much a PR spokesperson as scientist, telling us what we apparently need to know.

If my health was better I would be endeavouring to meet him

Climate pioneer Dave Lowe "we only have one atmosphere"

RNZ,

26 November, 2019

This week we learned that carbon levels in the atmosphere have reached record highs. The latest figures a new global peak of 407.8 parts per million and 2018 up from 405.5 parts per million in 2017.

The numbers are shocking, Lowe says.

“Absolutely shocking. I think the thing to note there is that 408ppm in 2018, but it was 3ppm lower than that the year before. That is actually a huge increase over a single year.”

Back in the early 1970s, Lowe was leaning into howling southerlies at Baring head in Wellington and capturing air samples in what was known as a Keeling flask. He still remembers the readings.

“The number was 321ppm, I remember reporting on that. And you imagine that just in my working lifetime 321 up to probably the southern hemisphere number is around 406 would be my guess.

“That's a huge increase, it's going on for 100 parts per million in my lifetime. And that's the whole atmosphere we've changed.”

The percentage of the atmosphere comprised of greenhouse gases such as CO2, methane and nitrous oxide is tiny – but the effect is huge, he says.

“The very low concentration gases like carbon dioxide, methane is another one, nitrous oxide, they're down there in very, very small amounts, literally parts per million or even parts per billion and yet they have a huge effect on the properties of the atmosphere, both the chemistry of the atmosphere, as well, as well as its radiative properties.”

This is because of their amplification effects, he says.

“It’s quite extraordinary, it turns out to be the nature of the molecule. If you look at oxygen and nitrogen, these just have two atoms.”

Whereas CO2 has three atoms, he says

“And it turns out, that in terms of solar radiation and infrared radiation, that has a huge effect.”

CO2 is like an amplifier, he says

“When you have a guitar, you have a tiny little signal. You have to put it into an amplifier so that your audience can hear it. This is exactly what CO2 does.

“It’s kind of like an amplifier, it triggers the effect of water vapour - water vapour is the main greenhouse gas.

“And when you listen to sceptics, this is a classic example of pseudoscience. They'll come up and say ‘CO2 is ridiculous, you know, there's hardly any there - it's water vapour. There's up to 1 percent of water in the atmosphere. That's the real greenhouse gas, not CO2.

“Well, they're absolutely right. But the fact is CO2 is driving the water vapour, the fact that CO2 has gone up, allows the temperature of the atmosphere to go up and increases the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere. So, this is the amplification that I talked about.”

NIWA's Gordon Brailsford and Katja Riedel explain how greenhouse gases are measured at the Baring Head monitoring station.

Lowe has been at the forefront of atmospheric science for 50 years, and a key moment was when he crossed paths with American scientist Charles David Keeling.

Having graduated with a physics degree he was offered a job at the Institute of Nuclear Sciences in Wellington in 1969. Lowe was already developing a strong interest in atmospheric science at this point.

“It was run by a charismatic man - a guy called Athol Rafter who actually did, I think, have a feeling for carbon dioxide already.

"He was worried, he was the first person to tell me about this. So, I went out for a job interview in late 1969 and he told me about carbon dioxide. And I couldn't believe it, I already had a lot of atmospheric physics, but I couldn't believe that such a small amount of this trace gas could be causing this effect. I was really bothered about it and I started reading. there was almost no literature around but straightaway Dave Keeling's name came up.”

Keeling had been measuring CO2 from a measuring station in Hawaii and had noticed a change.

“In 1957 Dave Keeling already had some measurements of CO2, they were all over the place, he realised that he had to go into a clean environment, so he chose a mountaintop in Hawaii called Mauna Loa, to make the first measurements.

“And when he started those, he noticed that the measurements were going down, and he checked his equipment, and he couldn't believe what he what was going on. But then it started to come up again and at the end of the year, they were where they were before approximately, and then they went down - and so what he was measuring was the planet breathing.”

But he also detected a more sinister trend, Lowe says.

“On top of this breathing of the atmosphere, of the CO2, he saw that it was increasing.

That's a huge increase, it's going on for 100 parts per million in my lifetime. And that's the whole atmosphere we've changed Dave Lowe

“And so, his first measurement was 313, the next year it was 314, he never, ever saw 313 again - none of us have. CO2 was increasing in the atmosphere and that was the first sign of it.”

Keeling realised he needed global data to establish that this was a worldwide phenomenon, so he approached Athol Rafter in Wellington.

“He realised that New Zealand was a very good site because of its geographical location, as well as really good universities and he knew Athol Rafter and the DSIR - here were the logistics that could help him with the site.

“And so it took a few years, but then that equipment came to New Zealand and shortly, literally within a month or two I was working on with that gear.”

The first measuring station was established as Makara, and then Baring Head, Lowe says. The continuous measuring was done by infrared analysers, adapted from their original use in coal mines.

“What I set up, first of all at Makara and then at Baring Head was one of these continuous infrared analysers. And what they do, is they split the air into a million parts and they measure exactly how many of those parts are carbon dioxide.”

The samples were gathered in Keeling’s simple, yet effective flask.

“It's simple but precise, but you had to have that howling southerly wind that you've just talked about - really unpleasant leaning over that fence, over the edge of a cliff into something like an 80-knot southerly from the Antarctic trying to open up the valve.”

CO2 rising, temperatures stable

And as the 1970s progressed the science was established, the concentrations of CO2 were increasing in the atmosphere, yet oddly there was no consequence, temperatures were not rising commensurately.

“If anything, they were going down. Between 1940 and around 1980 There was no global temperature increase.”

In other words, he says CO2 was demonstrably going up, but there was no consequence.

“It wasn't really until late in the 1970s that it was discovered what was preventing the signal from appearing was what was called global dimming.”

Huge amounts huge amounts of air pollution from industry and agriculture was suppressing the greenhouse gas signal, he says.

“At the end of the ‘70s a lot of countries really cleaned their power stations up, they used electrostatic precipitators, they reduced all of that air pollution that was causing the dimming and blocking out the signal.

“So, what happened? Like a coiled spring, up came the signal and it hasn’t stopped.”

The diming effect of pollution particles which prevented solar radiation from heating the atmosphere it was “like a kind of a sunshade,” Lowe says.

The sceptics

Over a lifetime in atmospheric science Lowe has repeatedly heard pseudo-scientific, denialist arguments. A classic being CO2 is natural, has always been in the atmosphere, so what is the problem? And how do we know burning fossil fuel is the source?

“It turns out that the fingerprint, or the signature, of the isotypes in CO2 from coal, gas and oil is very, very different from natural CO2.

“So, it really stands out; just like a fingerprint. You can see this changing in the atmosphere. It is a smoking gun.”

Lowe says he is both optimistic and pessimistic about the future.

“When you get together to solve a problem and you see the strength and the capability of some of the engineers and scientists out there, as well as the drive from the school children.

“You see the Fridays For Future movement started by the Swedish school girl, Greta Thunberg. There I feel optimism, because these young people and those highly innovative engineers, scientists are out there. They really want to do things and they have the solutions.”

For the orchestrated anti-science denialists, he has only contempt.

“When it comes to people who have deliberately misinformed, I'm extremely angry, really angry. My son believes these people belong in jail, and I think he's right.

“The same people who have confused the story about global warming are involved in things like tobacco. These people are criminals, they need to be put away.”

And the failure to tackle greenhouse gas accumulation in the atmosphere when we first knew the science has made our task immeasurably more difficult, he says.

“There is absolutely no doubt about that. It's become harder and harder, the longer we've waited.”

NIWA's Gordon Brailsford and Katja Riedel explain how greenhouse gases are measured at the Baring Head monitoring station.

The NZ climate science pioneer living in Lower Hutt

Yet another example of this country not giving recognition to its greatest. I never knew that we had Dave Lowe living just down the road. He speaks in a language which attracted me to science earlier in my life; these days they lie and tell us only what they think we should know.

Climate pioneer Dave Lowe "we only have one atmosphere"

RNZ,

26 November, 2019

This week we learned that carbon levels in the atmosphere have reached record highs. The latest figures a new global peak of 407.8 parts per million and 2018 up from 405.5 parts per million in 2017.

The numbers are shocking, Lowe says.

“Absolutely shocking. I think the thing to note there is that 408ppm in 2018, but it was 3ppm lower than that the year before. That is actually a huge increase over a single year.”

Back in the early 1970s, Lowe was leaning into howling southerlies at Baring head in Wellington and capturing air samples in what was known as a Keeling flask. He still remembers the readings.

“The number was 321ppm, I remember reporting on that. And you imagine that just in my working lifetime 321 up to probably the southern hemisphere number is around 406 would be my guess.

“That's a huge increase, it's going on for 100 parts per million in my lifetime. And that's the whole atmosphere we've changed.”

The percentage of the atmosphere comprised of greenhouse gases such as CO2, methane and nitrous oxide is tiny – but the effect is huge, he says.

“The very low concentration gases like carbon dioxide, methane is another one, nitrous oxide, they're down there in very, very small amounts, literally parts per million or even parts per billion and yet they have a huge effect on the properties of the atmosphere, both the chemistry of the atmosphere, as well, as well as its radiative properties.”

This is because of their amplification effects, he says.

“It’s quite extraordinary, it turns out to be the nature of the molecule. If you look at oxygen and nitrogen, these just have two atoms.”

Whereas CO2 has three atoms, he says

“And it turns out, that in terms of solar radiation and infrared radiation, that has a huge effect.”

CO2 is like an amplifier, he says

“When you have a guitar, you have a tiny little signal. You have to put it into an amplifier so that your audience can hear it. This is exactly what CO2 does.

“It’s kind of like an amplifier, it triggers the effect of water vapour - water vapour is the main greenhouse gas.

“And when you listen to sceptics, this is a classic example of pseudoscience. They'll come up and say ‘CO2 is ridiculous, you know, there's hardly any there - it's water vapour. There's up to 1 percent of water in the atmosphere. That's the real greenhouse gas, not CO2.

“Well, they're absolutely right. But the fact is CO2 is driving the water vapour, the fact that CO2 has gone up, allows the temperature of the atmosphere to go up and increases the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere. So, this is the amplification that I talked about.”

NIWA's Gordon Brailsford and Katja Riedel explain how greenhouse gases are measured at the Baring Head monitoring station.

Lowe has been at the forefront of atmospheric science for 50 years, and a key moment was when he crossed paths with American scientist Charles David Keeling.

Having graduated with a physics degree he was offered a job at the Institute of Nuclear Sciences in Wellington in 1969. Lowe was already developing a strong interest in atmospheric science at this point.

“It was run by a charismatic man - a guy called Athol Rafter who actually did, I think, have a feeling for carbon dioxide already.

"He was worried, he was the first person to tell me about this. So, I went out for a job interview in late 1969 and he told me about carbon dioxide. And I couldn't believe it, I already had a lot of atmospheric physics, but I couldn't believe that such a small amount of this trace gas could be causing this effect. I was really bothered about it and I started reading. there was almost no literature around but straightaway Dave Keeling's name came up.”

Keeling had been measuring CO2 from a measuring station in Hawaii and had noticed a change.

“In 1957 Dave Keeling already had some measurements of CO2, they were all over the place, he realised that he had to go into a clean environment, so he chose a mountaintop in Hawaii called Mauna Loa, to make the first measurements.

“And when he started those, he noticed that the measurements were going down, and he checked his equipment, and he couldn't believe what he what was going on. But then it started to come up again and at the end of the year, they were where they were before approximately, and then they went down - and so what he was measuring was the planet breathing.”

But he also detected a more sinister trend, Lowe says.

“On top of this breathing of the atmosphere, of the CO2, he saw that it was increasing.

That's a huge increase, it's going on for 100 parts per million in my lifetime. And that's the whole atmosphere we've changed Dave Lowe

“And so, his first measurement was 313, the next year it was 314, he never, ever saw 313 again - none of us have. CO2 was increasing in the atmosphere and that was the first sign of it.”

Keeling realised he needed global data to establish that this was a worldwide phenomenon, so he approached Athol Rafter in Wellington.

“He realised that New Zealand was a very good site because of its geographical location, as well as really good universities and he knew Athol Rafter and the DSIR - here were the logistics that could help him with the site.

“And so it took a few years, but then that equipment came to New Zealand and shortly, literally within a month or two I was working on with that gear.”

The first measuring station was established as Makara, and then Baring Head, Lowe says. The continuous measuring was done by infrared analysers, adapted from their original use in coal mines.

“What I set up, first of all at Makara and then at Baring Head was one of these continuous infrared analysers. And what they do, is they split the air into a million parts and they measure exactly how many of those parts are carbon dioxide.”

The samples were gathered in Keeling’s simple, yet effective flask.

“It's simple but precise, but you had to have that howling southerly wind that you've just talked about - really unpleasant leaning over that fence, over the edge of a cliff into something like an 80-knot southerly from the Antarctic trying to open up the valve.”

CO2 rising, temperatures stable

And as the 1970s progressed the science was established, the concentrations of CO2 were increasing in the atmosphere, yet oddly there was no consequence, temperatures were not rising commensurately.

“If anything, they were going down. Between 1940 and around 1980 There was no global temperature increase.”

In other words, he says CO2 was demonstrably going up, but there was no consequence.

“It wasn't really until late in the 1970s that it was discovered what was preventing the signal from appearing was what was called global dimming.”

Huge amounts huge amounts of air pollution from industry and agriculture was suppressing the greenhouse gas signal, he says.

“At the end of the ‘70s a lot of countries really cleaned their power stations up, they used electrostatic precipitators, they reduced all of that air pollution that was causing the dimming and blocking out the signal.

“So, what happened? Like a coiled spring, up came the signal and it hasn’t stopped.”

The diming effect of pollution particles which prevented solar radiation from heating the atmosphere it was “like a kind of a sunshade,” Lowe says.

The sceptics

Over a lifetime in atmospheric science Lowe has repeatedly heard pseudo-scientific, denialist arguments. A classic being CO2 is natural, has always been in the atmosphere, so what is the problem? And how do we know burning fossil fuel is the source?

“It turns out that the fingerprint, or the signature, of the isotypes in CO2 from coal, gas and oil is very, very different from natural CO2.

“So, it really stands out; just like a fingerprint. You can see this changing in the atmosphere. It is a smoking gun.”

Lowe says he is both optimistic and pessimistic about the future.

“When you get together to solve a problem and you see the strength and the capability of some of the engineers and scientists out there, as well as the drive from the school children.

“You see the Fridays For Future movement started by the Swedish school girl, Greta Thunberg. There I feel optimism, because these young people and those highly innovative engineers, scientists are out there. They really want to do things and they have the solutions.”

For the orchestrated anti-science denialists, he has only contempt.

“When it comes to people who have deliberately misinformed, I'm extremely angry, really angry. My son believes these people belong in jail, and I think he's right.

“The same people who have confused the story about global warming are involved in things like tobacco. These people are criminals, they need to be put away.”

And the failure to tackle greenhouse gas accumulation in the atmosphere when we first knew the science has made our task immeasurably more difficult, he says.

“There is absolutely no doubt about that. It's become harder and harder, the longer we've waited.”

NIWA's Gordon Brailsford and Katja Riedel explain how greenhouse gases are measured at the Baring Head monitoring station.

The Lower Hutt scientist who found proof of climate change 50 years ago

This is significant to me because this pioneering scientist is living no more than a mile from me and Baring Head is close to us as well.

Dave Lowe found 

measurable proof of climate 

change 50 years ago - he's 

watched in horror ever since

Stuff.co,nz,
21 September, 2019

Dave Lowe established the Baring Head air monitoring station, helped prove human-driven climate change and contributed to the winning of a Nobel Peace Prize. Along the way were countless arguments with climate change deniers, a lost marriage, and one significant regret. Joel MacManus met him.
There's a certificate on the wall of Dave Lowe's small cottage in Petone, Wellington.
It's tucked away in the back office, an A3 piece of paper in an ordinary wooden frame.

It could easily be missed by a passing guest. But if they cared to take a second glance, three words would immediately jump out: Nobel Peace Prize.

It's the 2007 Prize, awarded to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Lowe was a lead author on their largest-ever report.

It was by far the greatest honour of his career. He resigned almost immediately afterward, walking away on top of the scientific world.

The Prize is a testament to all that he has achieved in his career, but at the same time, to him, it's a haunting reminder of all the things he didn't, or couldn't, change.

Sitting at his kitchen table, reflecting on the prize, he goes a little glassy-eyed. He stares intently at nothing in particular. His voice drops an octave.

"I've lived this horror for 50 years," he says. "There's so little time left and we've just been so bloody stupid."

Dave Lowe was one of the first people on earth to find measurable proof that human activities were changing the atmosphere and warming the planet.

For the past 50 years, he has watched on, helpless and frustrated, as the situation around him has got worse, and worse, and worse.

A VOLCANO ABOVE THE CLOUDS

The long, sloping sides of Mauna Loa, seen from the summit of its sister mountain, Mauna Kea.

The world's largest volcano dominates the skyline of Hawaii's Big Island. The huge, sloping sides and gigantic crater of Mauna Loa cast an imposing shadow and send a constant warning across the Pacific paradise.

The Ancient Hawaiians believed Mauna Loa was created by the volcano goddess Pele, who formed it at such an immense height so she could escape the wrath of her sister Nāmaka, the sea goddess.

According to one legend, Pele is accompanied by a phantom white dog. When an eruption was soon to occur, she would send her dog down the mountain to warn the people of the impending disaster.

In 1958, an American scientist named Charles David Keeling climbed Mauna Loa, and changed the world's understanding of our climate forever.

Keeling had spent the better part of the 1950s perfecting a system of measuring exactly how much of which gases make up the Earth's atmosphere.

By adapting gas analysers used in coal mines, he was able to take the first ever reliable reading of the amount of carbon dioxide in the air.

The barren mountainside on the edge of the Mauna Loa crater, high above the cloud layer and away from any interference, proved the perfect location to capture the swirling air currents.

It was here, in two simple grey buildings set against a desolate, otherworldly landscape, that Keeling established the world's first permanent station to measure CO2 levels.

The gas analyser splits a sample of air into one million parts, and counts how many of those are CO2.

The first measurement Keeling took read 313 parts per million.

Then, as he continued to take regular readings, he saw something no-one had ever seen before. The planet was breathing.

In autumn, as the leaves died off the trees, the amount of CO2 in the air would rise. Then in spring, as the plants grew again,the number would fall again. In and out, like lungs exhaling.

Then, when a full year had gone by and the cycle was complete, he checked the number again. It never returned to 313.

.

Now, it sat at 314 ppm. He had just uncovered the first piece of evidence that the total amount of CO2 in the air was increasing.

That matters because CO2 has an insulating effect in the atmosphere. It traps heat, which is why it's called a greenhouse gas. More CO2 means more heat.

Every year without fail, for the last 61 years, the number has continued to climb at an ever-increasing rate.

The chart which tracks the rising CO2, that drumbeat on the march to climate breakdown, is called the Keeling Curve.

Some would say that the legends of Mauna Loa are true. Pele's white dog has become Keeling's gas analyzer, high in the mountains among the ancient volcanic rock, sending out a warning signal to tell the people of the coming disaster.

Charles David Keeling received the National Medal of Science from then-US President George W Bush in 2002.

A WORLDWIDE SEARCH

While Keeling was tracking the first evidence of climate change on a Hawaiian volcano, Dave Lowe was a teenage high school dropout in Taranaki, with only one thing on this mind: surfing.

The sport was in its infancy in New Zealand, primitive wooden longboards were the only equipment available. But Lowe was hooked.

"There was just a small bunch of us, really weird characters, and I was just fascinated with it," he says.

"You go out there and man, do you get a feeling for the environment. I saw the atmosphere directly, going down into the ocean, mixing the sounds, the smells."

Sitting on his board, staring out at the mist and the ocean spray dancing against the pink hues of the setting sun, he decided he needed to understand more about the world around him. He went back to school and earned a Physics honours degree from Victoria University of Wellington.

Lowe and Keeling's paths would cross for the first time in 1970.

By this time, Keeling was a giant in his field. But he wasn't satisfied with his research station at Mauna Loa. One measurement at one specific location wasn't enough evidence. He wanted a global record, in both hemispheres, so he could confirm what he was seeing, and track it for future decades.

Lowe was a 23-year-old graduate at the former Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, recruited to join Keeling's team as they set up the world's second continuous record of atmospheric CO2.

They found a spot about 30 minutes out of Wellington city, near Makara Beach, at the World War II-era gun emplacements of Fort Opau.

After six months training in California, Lowe returned to join the small American team of one scientist and two technicians.

But pretty soon he found himself with far more responsibility than he expected.

"The scientist would constantly just bugger off back to San Diego for six months at a time. And the technicians, well ... They were being paid to have the holiday of their lives, they were always off hunting and fishing, not to speak of the marijuana.

"I was thrown in the deep end trying to run hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of gear on a really important project which is being funded millions by the National Science Foundation."

But that work was for nothing. The readings at Makara were erratic, showing wild swings and no discernable pattern. They were useless.

There was about a kilometre of paddocks between the sea and the analyzer, which was sucking up too much CO2 and throwing off the readings.

Keeling told him he needed to develop a new portable gas analyzer and find a new location, undisturbed by vegetation or outside sources.

After some searching, Lowe found the spot he was looking for at Baring Head, a peninsula an hour out of Wellington in the opposite direction, at the base of the Remutaka Forest Park.

The Baring Head lighthouse and research station in 1972. Air samples were taken at the top of the flagpole and atmospheric CO2 concentration was measured by an infra red analyser in the building.

DAVE LOWE

It was perfect. At the right time, Baring Head gets air currents directly from Antarctica, an incredible undisturbed run through hundreds of kilometres of the Southern Ocean.

"What we got was incredible. Right from the outset you could see that we had struck gold."

The first they learned was that Baring Head always measured a few ppm behind Mauna Loa. The majority of emissions are produced in the northern hemisphere, this showed that it took time for those gases to spread to the south.

They also found that Baring Head didn't show the same huge seasonal swings as the Mauna Loa readings. The huge continents of vegetation in the northern hemisphere were impacting the Hawaiian readings, but the measurements in the South Pacific, surrounded by ocean, were far more stable.

But the most important thing was that the measurements at Baring Head proved that Mauna Loa wasn't an anomaly. In both the south and the north, the carbon in the atmosphere was slowly rising.

Dave Lowe taking an air flask sample at the edge of the Baring Head cliff in 1972.

James Renwick is a professor of geology at Victoria University, who was also a contributor to the 2007 Nobel Prize and received last year's Prime Minister's Science Prize.

He says Lowe is "a bit of a legend in NZ atmospheric science", and his contributions to the global record of climate change were invaluable.

"At the time I suspect it wasn't appreciated just how important the Baring Head Station was, but now the climate science community really values the long time series from Baring Head.

"That's very significant," he says. "They are a part of a global network of observing sites that have taught us many things. Dave Lowe has been a real pioneer in atmospheric science in NZ, especially around measurement of greenhouse gases and in understanding the chemistry of the atmosphere and how that's changing."

THE GRIND

Finding himself in charge of a groundbreaking research with barely any experience, Lowe put everything on his own shoulders.

Together with his friend and colleague Peter Gunther, they were basically running the entire southern arm of the operation alone, and they were fully aware of how important their work was.

Dave Lowe in 1973 at the DSIR Institute of Nuclear Sciences laboratories in Gracefield, Lower Hutt.

That meant constant flights between Wellington and California, reading every background paper that had ever been written on the subject, developing all the computer programs to drive the calculations.

The DSIR lab, where he was working, had one computer, an IBM 650 with paper tape inputs and magnetic tape.

"We worked our butts off," he says. "I knew that I just had to do this. I threw everything I had into it"

But that intensity had its consequences. Eventually, something had to give.

American scientist Peter Gunther, who worked with Lowe at Baring Head throughout the 70s.

"I just kept on going as my marriage crashed. I was a real mess. A hell of a mess. I was working too hard, and completely blown apart emotionally.

"The guy I was working for took a look at me and said 'Dave, you're no good to me at all in your condition'."

PROOF OR PERSUASION

In 1975, Lowe took a sabbatical to recover from his professional and personal blowout. He attended the first ever scientific conference of greenhouse gas experts. He reckons he's probably the only person at the meeting who is still alive.

The small group knew what was coming before anyone else in the world.

They had proven that mankind was changing the chemical makeup of the air, and they knew the inevitable outcome of that.

The terms 'Global Warming' and 'Climate Change' hadn't been invented yet, but that's exactly what they were seeing.

In the following years, Lowe moved to Germany to study further, and met his now-wife Irena. They've been married for 40 years.

He specialised in isotopic techniques, which he describes as like DNA tracing for gas particles.

Not all the CO2 in the atmosphere is from the burning of fossil fuels. For most of human history, the CO2 level has naturally fluctuated between 200 and 300ppm, which we know thanks to air samples trapped in glacier ice cores.

Those natural fluctuations are often cited by climate deniers to suggest that climate change is not man-made.

Naturally occurring carbon is made up of different isotopes. The most common types are called Carbon-12 and Carbon-13.

Carbon-12 is by far the most common type found in nature. Carbon-13 makes up about 1 per cent of the total.

But the exact amount can differ. There is slightly less Carbon-13 in fossil fuels like coal and oil compared to in atmospheric carbon.

NICHOLAS BOYACK/STUFF

The sun setting behind the Baring Head. Atmospheric carbon measurements are still taken there to this day

Lowe and other international researchers found that while total CO2 in the air was increasing, the percentage of Carbon-13 isotopes compared to Carbon-12 was decreasing.

That proved that the additional CO2 in the atmosphere was coming from the burning of fossil fuels by humans, not anything else.

"That's the smoking gun. You can get every sceptic blue in the face but that's just open and shut evidence that this extra CO2 came from humans," he says.

"Unequivocal, no doubt."

That was proof, settled science. But the battle to convince the public of his findings was only just beginning.

Why exactly are "rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes" needed to combat climate change? Here are the facts.

Part of the problem was that the predicted temperature rise didn't show up for several years.

While CO2 was rising, the mercury was jumping up and down, with no consistency. But eventually, the signal separated from the noise and the heat started to climb. Once it did, it basically never stopped.

In hindsight, the conservative approach of the scientific community probably held progress back for a number of years, he says.

"As a scientists, we thought, 'No, you don't jump up and down and scream, we're not activists.' Losing our credibility was the big issue.

"It was a totally different time. If only I knew then what I know now ... Now it's different, many of us are out there doing stuff. We have to, this is an emergency."

Full-blown arguments with climate change deniers have been a common occurrence in Lowe's life. His voice bristles with frustration when the topic comes up.

"It's better now, but it was hard yards. I'd be yelled at by people. It used to be constant shouting matches with sceptics.

"[Scientists] deal in data and facts and graphs and numbers, it's really hard to get through with that. In my lifetime I've given hundreds of climate change talks and you're always up against it with this distrust."

Nothing grinds his gears more than scientists in the 1980s and 1990s who deliberately spread mistruths about climate change while on the payrolls of oil companies, like Fred Singer and others profiled in the 2010 book Merchants of Doubt.

"I just think … the bastard, how dare he not look at the facts. That makes me angry, people who deliberately go out and falsify what's going on."

Dave Lowe has retired and now lives in Petone. He's still active in the climate science community and lives a low-emissions lifestyle.

After resigning, Lowe started his own small family business, consulting and doing climate change education.

After his children left home, he and Irena moved into their small cottage, which they meticulously designed to have the smallest possible carbon footprint.

He's still actively involved in climate science, making submissions on bills and helping with various research work. He's working on a book about his life work.

Every day as he sits down to write, that Nobel Peace Prize certificate hangs behind him.

"I just wish ... all of us wish, that we could have changed minds," he says.

"But how do you fight an oil company?"

The first ever CO2 reading at Baring Head was 326 Parts Per Million. The most recent reading was 409 Parts Per Million.