Iraqi oil and regional politics

Part of the reason the US invaded Iraq in the first place was arguably to get the Russians out.

Maliki mulls ditching Exxon for Russians

Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki is reportedly thinking of throwing out U.S. oil giant Exxon Mobil from the giant West Qurna-1 oilfield for signing an "illegal" production deal with semiautonomous Kurdistan and bringing in Russian companies instead.

UPI,

17 October, 2012

This appears to be part of an effort by Maliki, who has moved closer to eastern neighbor Iran since U.S. forces withdrew from Iraq in December 2011, to back off the relationship with the United States in favor of Russia.

Under Vladimir Putin, restored as president, Russia's been driving to restore its Cold War influence in the Arab world.

Maliki signed a $4.2 billion arms deal with Russia Oct. 9 during a high-profile three-day visit. That makes Iraq Russia's second largest defense client after India.

Maliki, accompanied by a posse of Cabinet ministers, also discussed energy cooperation and possible oil contracts with Putin and his advisers.

Few details of those discussions have been released. But they could signal an opening up by Iraq to Russian oil and gas companies that have not fared too well since Maliki's government began parceling out 20-year production contracts to foreign oil companies in 2009.

Maliki's current inclination toward Russia, and China too for that matter, has rung alarm bells in Washington, which has seen its influence in the Iraq and the rest of the Arab world undercut over the last decade, while Iran's standing in Iraq has steadily grown, despite their historical enmity.

Maliki spent 20 years in exile in Iran during the 1980s and 90s hunted by Saddam Hussein's security services for fighting the Baathist regime in Baghdad.

In Saddam's day, Moscow was Iraq's main arms supplier, and lost defense contracts worth some $8 billion after he was toppled in the U.S. invasion of 2003.

"Maliki still remains an enigma in Washington," observed veteran analyst M.K. Bhadrakumar, a former Indian ambassador to a string of regional states.

"He is no doubt a friend of the United States, but he's also possibly more than a friend of Iran. Now, it seems, he is also fond of Russia -- as Saddam Hussein used to be...

"Maliki can be expected to boot out Big Oil ... from Iraq's oil sector. The implications are profound for the world oil market since Iraq's fabulous oil reserves match Saudi Arabia's," Bhadrakumar noted.

Maliki has been gunning for Exxon Mobil, the world's largest oil company, since October 2011 when it signed an extensive exploration deal with the Kurdistan Regional Government, which runs the semiautonomous enclave in northern Iraq which has long had ambitions of independence.

Kurdistan sits on an estimated 45 billion barrels of oil, part of Iraq's state reserves of 431 billion, and the Kurds clearly envision that as the economic core of an independent state.

Baghdad insists only the central government has the authority to sign energy deals, but this has not stopped other international oil majors, such as Chevron and Total of France from signing similar deals with the KRG.

Baghdad fears such renegade agreements encourage secessionist aspirations in Kurdistan, as well as other regions which seek greater autonomy from a regime at a time when Maliki's widely accused of seeking to amass dictatorial powers.

Turkey, Iraq's northern neighbor with ambitions of becoming the regional oil hub between East and West, has also been courting the land-locked Kurds, offering to build an oil pipeline to its Mediterranean terminal at Ceyhan to give them an export route outside Baghdad's control.

"Washington and Ankara have annoyed Maliki repeatedly, taking him for granted, even writing off his political future, by consorting with Kurdistan over lucrative oil deals, ignoring his protests that Iraq is a sovereign state ... and has a constitution under which foreign countries should not have direct dealings with its regions, bypassing the central government," Bhadrakumar wrote in Asia Times Online.

"Kurdistan is already a de facto independent region, thanks to U.S. and Turkish interference.

"The Russia visit shows that Maliki is signaling he has had enough and won't take this affront to Iraq sovereignty anymore ... The plain truth is the 'Russians are coming' and this time they are capitalists and globalists," Bhadrakumar wrote.

The Russians have already gained a foothold in Iraq's energy industry and infrastructure projects.

But, some sources say, the deals that may now be in the works could well dwarf the arms deal Maliki signed in Moscow.

Baghdad is Losing Iraqi Kurdistan - Empowered by Oil and Gas

Oil Price,

16 October, 2012

With an estimated 45 billion barrels of oil and perhaps as much as 6 trillion of cubic meters of gas, Iraqi Kurdistan is using smaller companies to develop its resources... while gradually luring in the big oil majors, despite threats from Baghdad.

For the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) of Northern Iraq, it’s all about control:

1.   vis-à-vis the central Iraqi government,
2.   over the oil and gas resources on its territory, and thus,
3.   setting the stage for independence.

And so far, the KRG has the advantage.

How do we know this?  Oil majors like ExxonMobil, Chevron and Total are willing to sign deals with the KRG at risk of losing big contracts with Baghdad.

Another indicator is—Baghdad has finally released its first tranche of payments for oil arrears owed to foreign companies operating in Iraqi Kurdistan. The situation was untenable for both sides, with Baghdad not paying for past exports and the KRG halting exports to Iraq in April in response. That means less Iraqi oil exports, and less foreign currency coming in.

It is important to keep in mind that when Iraq announced in August that production had reached its highest levels in 30 years, this was in no small part because the KRG had resumed exports from its fields, temporarily.

 

In September, the KRG and the Iraqi central government ratified an agreement to this end, prompting the KRG to resume exports, tentatively. On 8 October, Baghdad paid the KRG US$558.9 million, and the KRG pledged to keep the crude flowing.

Whether exports continue to flow will depend on whether Baghdad pays its second tranche—which is about half the first amount—on time.

For now, exports from Kurdistan are at about 170,000bpd, with Turkey’s Genel Energy, the lead producer in the region, contributing 110,000bpd of that output. If the deal remains in place and Baghdad pays the outstanding $857 million owed for foreign companies, the KRG plans to boost production to 200,000bdp for the rest of 2012.

Minors Give Way to Majors: A Dangerous Trend for Baghdad

Until very recently, smaller companies who had the wherewithal to enter the Northern Iraq oil and gas market—such as Gulf Keystone Petroleum, Addax, Heritage Oil, Western Zagros, and Genel Energy—were playing a major role in the region’s energy exploitation.

They were on to a good thing, while the oil majors were forced to sit back and hedge their bets. They could not risk angering Baghdad and upsetting their oil and gas deals with the Iraqi central government by dealing on the side with the Kurds.

That began to chance late last year. The oil majors grew impatient: The KRG was offering more flexible and lucrative production-sharing agreements and despite modest output, the potential was clearly vast. Iraqi Kurdistan’s oil exports are predicted to reach 1 million bpd by 2015, while the region could produce as much as 15 million cubic meters of gas annually.

Baghdad attempted to preempt this by threatening the oil majors, warning that any contracts signed with the KRG would be viewed as illegal.

It was not enough to keep the oil majors back. First ExxonMobil signed a contract with the KRG in October last year, and then things began to snowball. Chevron and Total would follow suit, and even Russia’s Gazprom Neft. Baghdad continues to threaten ExxonMobil, particularly as the company prepares to dig its first exploration well in Northern Iraq.

There is a lot at stake. So why are the oil majors willing to risk their contracts with Baghdad?

They are hedging their bets that Baghdad has more to lose than they do by blacklisting them.

What exactly does Baghdad have to lose?

Particularly, the Iraqi central government needs massive revenues in order to improve its energy infrastructure and for this it depends on the oil majors. This is why Baghdad hasn’t made good on its threat to cancel ExxonMobil’s contract for the West Qurna field (8.6 billion barrels), near Basra.

And no threats have been levelled at Gazprom, which on top of its KRG deals is also developing the central Iraqi Badra field. Chevron, on the other hand, was an easy target: It has no contracts with the central government, so Baghdad lost nothing by blacklisting it.

Baghdad also stands to lose the 17% portion of revenues it earns from KRG transactions.

Baghdad could move to block the use of its southern pipelines, but it would only be shooting itself in the foot at a time when exports have finally resumed. And with the KRG’s new “independent” pipeline plans in motion, this threat becomes even less significant.

Related Article: Iraq's Oil Exports Hide Broader Problems

But the power showdown is certainly not over.

There are much deeper problems than non-payment by Baghdad.  Nothing can be resolved without a ratified national hydrocarbons law, which continues to languish in parliament, tainted as it is by territorial and sectarian sentiments.

While there is no national law, the KRG has its own oil and gas regulations—and this is good enough for foreign companies operating in the region.

“The end objective is clearly independence, and the KRG has no desire to trap itself into a national hydrocarbon law at this point—at least not as long as independence aspirations continue to be boosted by economics and logistics,” Michael Bagley, President of Jellyfish, a DC-based private intelligence firm advising multinational corporations in Iraq, told Oilandgas-investments.com.

“What we essentially have is an Iraq that has already been carved up, with Northern Iraq controlled by Turkey, the US, Saudi Arabia and Qatar, and the rest controlled by Iran,” Bagley said. “From this perspective, there are plenty of external forces who would like to see greater autonomy, and even independence, for Iraqi Kurdistan.”

But the timing isn’t quite right yet. The events in Syria lend some uncertainty to these ambitions, particularly for Turkey.

“Everyone will have to wait for the dust to settle in Syria, which has its own Kurds, to determine how the Iraqi Kurdish question will be answered,” he said.  ?

How Turkey Fits in – Where All (Pipeline) Paths Lead

Turkey is the largest investor in Iraqi Kurdistan, and the two conclude some $12 million in trade annually, but it also has considerable interests in the rest of Iraq. This double game is becoming somewhat problematic for the Turks, and the first week of October saw Baghdad threaten to take diplomatic action if Ankara continued to launch cross-border raids on Kurdish militant positions in Northern Iraq. Suddenly, for Baghdad, this is a question of sovereignty.

But what it’s mostly about is economics. Turkey began importing crude from northern Iraq in July, bypassing Baghdad. Worse, the KRG and Ankara are planning additional pipelines connecting Northern Iraq and Turkey and affording the KRG significantly more control over its oil and gas resources—and less concerned about payments coming in from Baghdad.

Two new pipelines would pump crude from Kirkuk, in Northern Iraq, to Ceyhan, in Turkey. The first is scheduled to come on line in August 2013; the second, in early 2014. This would all tie into the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline and its capacity of 1 million bpd of oil Caspian oil. Expanding the BTC to include sizable Iraqi Kurd output would turn Ceyhan into a major hub.  

Furthermore, the Turks have contracted out an infrastructure project to transport Kurdish natural gas to Turkey. With this in mind, the KRG is busy negotiating future contracts with energy majors, though no one’s willing to go into detail on this.

Geopolitical dynamics aside, if this situation is to be resolved, and if the central government is to maintain some semblance of control over the KRG, it will be Baghdad that has to budge.

There is, however, a legal hiccup related to the KRG’s oil and gas law, specifically with regard to Kirkuk, the hub of new pipeline activity. Kirkuk’s official status remains unresolved and it is not officially under the KRG’s jurisdiction, though this is how it is treated. A referendum on this issue is long overdue and this is one weakness Baghdad will seek to exploit.

By. Jen Alic for Oil & Gas Investments Bulletin