Advaita (non-dualism) turns this on its head and brings an understanding that leads to far greater peace of mind and inner acceptance than western materialistic reductionism with its striving after lofty goals that rarely come to pass.
In brief (and this explanation is my own understanding) Advaita says:
"ALL THERE IS, IS CONSCIOUSNESS"
"All there is, is Consciousness".
So that far from consciousness (with a small 'c') being just a function of brain function and chemicals, Consciousness (or Totality,or God) is all there is . This universal Consciousness appears to be individual and real because it passes through the body-mind. The brain, as well as the body, acts, as it were like a radio set with radio waves.
What we take as real (the world around us) as well as ourselves as individuals, is but a concept.
As the Buddha said: "there is doing but no Doer"
If this seems a bit mystical and eastern then it may be worthwhile to look at some of the paradoxes of quantum physics and in particular the thinking of David Bohm:
“Thus one is led to a new notion of unbroken wholeness which denies the classical idea of the analyzability of the world into separately and independently existing parts”
---David Bohm
“This life of yours which you are living is not merely a piece of this entire existence, but is, in a certain sense, the whole. Only this whole is not so constituted that it can be surveyed in one single glance”
---Erwin Schrodinger - My View of the World
NON-DUALISM
Its understanding is non-dualistic. What this means is that the basis of life is duality (black vs white, up vs down, good vs evil etc.) but the problem comes when the human intellect comes in and compares opposites and says: "I want good, but not evil; or white and not black"...
“...Duality is the basis on which this manifestation takes place. So, if duality is understood as duality, as merely polaric opposites, that one cannot exist without the other, that is understanding...enlightenment”
---Ramesh Balsekar
Opposites are inter-related polarities. One cannot exist without the other. The human being is unhappy because he seeks security. Security means no change, and nothing in the universe can remain unchanged.
"EVERYTHING IS RELATED TO EVERYTHING ELSE"
Not only that, but everything is related to everything else:
"There is no event which is not connected to everything else that happens in the universe."
- Ramesh Balsekar
This is completely different from the western understanding of reducing things to a single cause and seeing phenomena in isolation.
Causality in western thought is generally simple and only ever in one direction:
“We think A leads to B, B leads to C, C leads to D and so on. But the arrow of destiny is double-pointed. For D to happen, C had to happen, and for C to happen B had to happen...."
--Ramesh Balsekar
This understanding seems to me to be tremendously freeing because it frees us from the anxiety of constantly going round and round blaming ourselves, "if I had only done so-and-so then so and so would not have happened."
PREDETERMINATION AND DESTINY
A fundamental understanding of Advaita is that whatever happens is preordained.
"The
Ordainer controls the fate of souls in accordance with their
Prarabhdakarma. Whateever is destined not to happen will not happen, try
as you may. Whatever is destined to happen will happen, do what you
may to prevent it. This is certain. The best course, therefore, is to
remain silent”
---Sr Ramana Maharshi
Ramesh Balsekar expresses things in a slightly more modern and less religious-sounding way and uses examples from science and philosophy.
He talks about how the seemingly chaotic, ambiguous quantum micro world gives rise to the precise world of form, precise cause and effect. He says that one way modern science explains this is through the law of probability which, he says, cannot be explained by physical forces.
He gives several examples that have stuck indelibly in my mind. Here is one:
"The statistics of the New York Department of Health show that in 1955 the average number of dogs biting people reported per day was 75.3. In 1956, 73.6; in 1957 73.5; in 1958 64.5.....How could the dogs know when they should start biting and when they should stop biting?"
In
terms of destiny and action (which in my understanding need not be
an invitation to passivity, as is often argued) Balsekar says that
the way to act is to make a determination and leave the
rest in the hands of God (or, I prefer the term he uses, Totality)
Another point is that while western thought poses predetermination versus free will, Advaita sees free will as something that happens within predetermination. It is relative and also, predetermined, so is therefore, not truly "free".